Evaluation of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) in oviposition traps used in the integrated control of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) (Diptera:Culicidae).

BACKGROUND: Egg collection traps have been studied to assist in the integrated control of arbovirus vectors. Many enhancements have been made over the years. METHODS: This study evaluated the use of a hydrated superabsorbent polymer (SAP) in the egg collection of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in ovitraps. An experiment was conducted in the laboratory to determine the minimum concentration of the product to be used in traps in the field to prevent the development of larvae into adults. In the field, the use of polymers has been evaluated using a traditional model of ovitraps. The positive ovitrap index and mean number of eggs per trap indicator were calculated. RESULTS: In the laboratory, the larvae did not successfully develop to the adult stage, even at the lowest SAP concentration. In the field, the results showed that ovitraps with SAP proved to be effective for egg collection from both species. It was possible to identify sites with the highest concentration of species and expose the ovitraps for a longer period without larval development. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for studies on the adequacy of this technology for control programs. However, the results showed that ovitraps with hydrogel were potentiated to capture eggs, configuring themselves as another tool for vector control.

Evaluation of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) in oviposition traps used in the integrated control of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) (Diptera:Culicidae)

ABSTRACT Background: Egg collection traps have been studied to assist in the integrated control of arbovirus vectors. Many enhancements have been made over the years. Methods: This study evaluated the use of a hydrated superabsorbent polymer (SAP) in the egg collection of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in ovitraps. An experiment was conducted in the laboratory to determine the minimum concentration of the product to be used in traps in the field to prevent the development of larvae into adults. In the field, the use of polymers has been evaluated using a traditional model of ovitraps. The positive ovitrap index and mean number of eggs per trap indicator were calculated. Results: In the laboratory, the larvae did not successfully develop to the adult stage, even at the lowest SAP concentration. In the field, the results showed that ovitraps with SAP proved to be effective for egg collection from both species. It was possible to identify sites with the highest concentration of species and expose the ovitraps for a longer period without larval development. Conclusions: There is a need for studies on the adequacy of this technology for control programs. However, the results showed that ovitraps with hydrogel were potentiated to capture eggs, configuring themselves as another tool for vector control.

Aedes aegypti queenslandensis: first geographic occurrence in Brazil and epidemiological implications

ABSTRACT Aedes aegypti is the mosquito that has been most successful in adapting to the anthropic environment and transmitting several viruses to humans as well. The species has three subspecies that can identified by the variations in the color of the abdominal scales. Each subspecies possesses a distinct scale color pattern. Herein, it is described the first register of Ae. aegypti queenslandensis in São Paulo State, Brazil. Both the scale color pattern, and factor involved in the emergence of the local population are discussed, as well as possible epidemiological implications.

Vectors of arboviruses in the state of São Paulo: 30 years of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the infestation of the municipalities of São Paulo by the vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, characterize seasonality and analyze average temperatures and larval densities. METHODS: We used maps with information on the infestation of municipalities between 1986 and 2015. The analysis of larval density of the species by the Wilcoxon test used the Breteau index values for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus obtained from the Superintendency for Endemic Diseases Control database. In the seasonal description, arithmetic means of each vector were calculated by month and year. Mean temperature analyses were presented on maps with color gradients. RESULTS: The state of São Paulo is currently almost totally infested, with co-occurrence of species in 93.64% of the municipalities. The seasonality analysis showed the first quarter as the most favorable period for larval abundance. The increase of mean temperatures in geographical areas coincided with the temporal trajectory of Ae. aegypti territorial expansion. The mean larval density found was higher for Ae. aegypti than for Ae. albopictus (p = 0.00). CONCLUSIONS: Initially, these Culicidae occupied distinct and opposing areas. Over time, however, co-occurrence showed how great their capacity for adaptation is, even in the face of different social and urban conjunctures. The increase of the mean temperature contributed to Ae. Aegypti 's geographic expansion, as well as to the clearly seasonal profile of both species. In general, larval infestation by Ae. aegypti prevailed, which evidenced its competitive superiority. These data provide a better understanding of the dynamics of arboviral transmission in the state of São Paulo and can be used in vector surveillance and control.

Vectors of arboviruses in the state of São Paulo: 30 years of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus / Vetores de arboviroses no estado de São Paulo: 30 anos de Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the infestation of the municipalities of São Paulo by the vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, characterize seasonality and analyze average temperatures and larval densities. METHODS We used maps with information on the infestation of municipalities between 1986 and 2015. The analysis of larval density of the species by the Wilcoxon test used the Breteau index values for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus obtained from the Superintendency for Endemic Diseases Control database. In the seasonal description, arithmetic means of each vector were calculated by month and year. Mean temperature analyses were presented on maps with color gradients. RESULTS The state of São Paulo is currently almost totally infested, with co-occurrence of species in 93.64% of the municipalities. The seasonality analysis showed the first quarter as the most favorable period for larval abundance. The increase of mean temperatures in geographical areas coincided with the temporal trajectory of Ae. aegypti territorial expansion. The mean larval density found was higher for Ae. aegypti than for Ae. albopictus (p = 0.00). CONCLUSIONS Initially, these Culicidae occupied distinct and opposing areas. Over time, however, co-occurrence showed how great their capacity for adaptation is, even in the face of different social and urban conjunctures. The increase of the mean temperature contributed to Ae. Aegypti 's geographic expansion, as well as to the clearly seasonal profile of both species. In general, larval infestation by Ae. aegypti prevailed, which evidenced its competitive superiority. These data provide a better understanding of the dynamics of arboviral transmission in the state of São Paulo and can be used in vector surveillance and control.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever a infestação dos municípios paulistas pelos vetores Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus , caracterizar a sazonalidade e analisar as temperaturas médias e as densidades larvárias. MÉTODOS Foram empregados mapas com informações sobre a infestação dos municípios entre 1986 e 2015. A análise da densidade larvária das espécies pelo teste de Wilcoxon utilizou os valores do índice de Breteau para Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus obtidos no banco de dados da Superintendência de Controle de Endemias. Na descrição sazonal, foram calculadas as médias aritméticas de cada um por mês e ano. As análises de temperaturas médias foram apresentadas em mapas com gradientes de cores. RESULTADOS O estado de São Paulo apresenta-se na atualidade quase totalmente infestado, com coocorrência das espécies em 93,64% dos municípios. A análise da sazonalidade evidenciou o primeiro trimestre como o período mais favorável para a abundância larval. Observou-se elevação das temperaturas médias em áreas geográficas coincidentes com a trajetória temporal da expansão territorial de Ae. aegypti . O valor médio da densidade larvária de Ae. aegypti foi maior do que o verificado para Ae. albopictus (p = 0,00). CONCLUSÕES Esses culicídeos apresentaram, inicialmente, ocupação em áreas distintas e opostas. Entretanto, no decorrer do tempo, a coocorrência mostrou quão grande é a capacidade de adaptação, mesmo em face de conjunturas sociais e urbanas diferentes. A elevação da temperatura média contribuiu para a expansão geográfica de Ae. aegypti , assim como para o perfil nitidamente sazonal de ambas as espécies. No geral, a infestação larvária por Ae. aegypti foi predominante, o que evidenciou sua superioridade competitiva. Tais dados propiciam maior entendimento da dinâmica de transmissão de arboviroses no estado de São Paulo e são subsídios para a vigilância e o controle desses vetores.

Density of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and its association with number of residents and meteorological variables in the home environment of dengue endemic area, São Paulo, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Measure the populations of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus adults according to sex and location inside or outside the residence, estimate Ae. aegypti female density per house and per resident, and test the association with abiotic factors. METHODS: Adult mosquitoes were collected monthly with a hand net and portable electric catcher in the peridomiciliary and intradomiciliary premises of residences in an urban area with ongoing dengue transmission in the municipality of São Sebastião, Brazil, from February 2011 to February 2012. RESULTS: Of the 1,320 specimens collected, 1,311 were Ae. aegypti, and nine were Ae. albopictus. A total of 653 male and 658 female of Ae. aegypti were recorded, of which 80% were intradomiciliary. The mean density of Ae. aegypti adult females was 1.60 females/house and 0.42 females/resident. There was an association between the number of females and the number of residents in both intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary premises (r(2) = 0.92; p < 0.001 and r(2) = 0.68; p < 0.001, respectively). There was an association between the number of females and the mean and total rainfall; the correlation was better in peridomiciliary premises (p = 0.00; r(2) = 77%) than intradomiciliary premises in both cases (p = 0.01; r(2) = 48%). Minimum temperature was associated in both environments, exhibiting the same coefficient of determination (p = 0.02; r(2) = 40%). The low frequency of Ae. albopictus (seven females and two males) did not allow for detailed evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Ae. aegypti is well established within the urban area studied, and the frequency of isolation is higher inside the houses. Female density was directly proportional to the number of residents in the houses. Our data show that human population density positively affects the number of Ae. aegypti females within the residence. Meteorological variables also affected mosquito populations. These data indicate a high probability of human-vector contact, increasing the possible transmission and spread of the DEN virus. Entomological indicators of adult females revealed important information complimenting what was obtained with traditional Stegomyia indices. This information should be a part of an interconnected data set for evaluating and controlling the vector.

Effect of salinity on the behavior of Aedes aegypti populations from the coast and plateau of southeastern Brazil.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Mosquito larvae can develop in fresh, salty and brackish water. The larvae of Aedes aegypti develop in fresh water. However, in laboratory studies, tolerance of this species for oviposition and hatching in brackish water was observed. Immature forms of Ae. aegypti have also been found developing in brackish water in coastal areas. The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of salt on the biological cycle of Ae. aegypti populations from coastal and plateau areas of southeastern Brazil. METHODS: Aedes aegypti were collected from plateau (Taubaté) and coastal (São Sebastião) municipalities to establish colonies. Specimens of the F1 generation were exposed to five salt concentrations (3.5, 7, 10.5, 14 and 17.5%) to assess the oviposition and cycle development from egg hatching to adult eclosion. Deionized water was used in the control groups. RESULTS: Both Taubaté and São Sebastião populations oviposited in all salt concentrations tested; however, development occurred in all except in the 17.5% concentration. Significant differences in development and adult size were observed at intermediate concentrations (São Sebastião from 10.5% and Taubaté from 7%, for both variables) between the two populations. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed different response patterns to salinity between the two populations, suggesting better adaptive adjustment of the coastal population to the metabolic constraints exerted by salt. The implications of this adaptation are discussed, and additional studies are suggested to evaluate the mechanisms that determinate the adaptive processes of Ae. aegypti in brackish water and the implications to its vectorial capacity.

Oviposição de Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti e Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus em município com transmissão de dengue, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Oviposition of Aedes (Stegomyia)aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus in city with dengue transmission, state of São Paulo, Brazil

Objetivou-se estudar a distribuição e abundância de ovos de Ae. aegypti eAe. albopictus, a co-ocorrência das espécies e aspectos do comportamentode oviposição nas armadilhas. Foram expostas, por quatro dias de cadamês, 80 ovitramas nos ambientes peri- e intradomiciliar de 40 residênciasurbanas de 22 quarteirões sorteados mensalmente em São Sebastião, SP,entre fevereiro de 2011 e fevereiro de 2012. Analisou-se a distribuiçãomensal dos índices de positividade de ovitrampas (IPO) e média de ovos porarmadilha (MOA) de Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus utilizando-se o teste deKruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste de Dwass-Steel-Chritcholow-Flinger. Foiutilizado o teste de correlação de Spearman e Regressão Linear Simplespara verificar a associação entre as variáveis meteorológicas com o númerode armadilhas com ovos e número de ovos. O padrão de evasão e superoviposição nas armadilhas com Ae. aegypti foi analisado por comparação de categorias de classe de número de ovos aplicando-se teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste de Dwass-Steel-Chritchlow-Fligner, para as comparações múltiplas. Nas análises de comparação dos valores de IPO das armadilhas de co-ocorrência das espécies, entre os ambientes peri- e intradomiciliares, assim como nas análises de MOA, utilizou-se o teste Mann-Whitney. Para avaliar intensidade da infestação por espécie foi utilizado o estimador de densidade Kernel. O IPO e MOA de Ae. aegypti foram maiores no peridomicílio, p=0,03; p=0,03, respectivamente. Verificouse correlação positiva entre temperatura e número de armadilhas com ovos e número de ovos desta espécie, nos ambientes domiciliares. Não houve diferença no IPO (p=0,33) e MOA (p=0,57) de Ae. albopictus entre osambientes. Houve correlação positiva entre temperatura e positividade dearmadilhas com Ae. albopictus do peridomicílio. Foi verificado maior IPO de Ae. aegypti comparado a Ae. albopictus, no peri- (p=0,00) e intradomicílio (p=0,00). A MOA de Ae. aegypti foi superior a de...

The objective was to study the distribution and abundance of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus eggs, the co-occurrence of species and aspects of oviposition behavior in the traps. During 4 days in every month, 80 traps were exposed in the peri- and intra domiciliary environments of 40 urban residences in 22 blocks sorted out in Sebastião, SP, from February, 2011 to February, 2012.It was analyzed the monthly distribution of the ovitraps positivity indexes (IPO) and eggs average per ovitrap (MOA) of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, by using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dwass-Steel-Chritcholow-Flinger test. The Spearman correlation and simple linear regression test was used to assess the association between meteorological variables with the number of traps with eggs and number of eggs. The standard of evasion and superoviposition in the ovitraps with Ae. aegypti was analyzed per comparison of class categories of number of eggs, by applying Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dwass-Steel-Chritchlow-Fligner test, for multiple comparisons. In the comparison analysis of IPO values in the traps of thespecies co-occurrences, in indoors and outdoors sites, as well as in the MOAanalysis, the Mann-Whitney test was used. To evaluate the infestationintensity per species was utilized the estimator of Kernel density. The Ae.aegypti IPO and MOA were higher in the peri- domiciliary environment, p=0,03 ; p=0,03, respectively. It was verified the positive correlation among temperature and number of ovitraps with eggs and number of eggs of this species, in domiciliary environments. There was no difference in the IPO (p=0,33) and MOA (p=0,57) of Ae. albopictus between the environments. There was positive correlation between temperature and positivity of ovitraps with Ae. albopictus in the peri- domiciliary environment. It was verified higher IPO of Ae. aegypti compared to Ae. albopictus, in the peri- (p=0,00) and intra domiciliary sites (p=0,00). The MOA of...

Oviposição de Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti e Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus em município com transmissão de dengue, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Oviposition of Aedes (Stegomyia)aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus in city with dengue transmission, state of São Paulo, Brazil

Objetivou-se estudar a distribuição e abundância de ovos de Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus, a co-ocorrência das espécies e aspectos do comportamento de oviposição nas armadilhas. Foram expostas, por quatro dias de cada mês, 80 ovitramas nos ambientes peri- e intradomiciliar de 40 residências urbanas de 22 quarteirões sorteados mensalmente em São Sebastião, SP, entre fevereiro de 2011 e fevereiro de 2012. Analisou-se a distribuição mensal dos índices de positividade de ovitrampas (IPO) e média de ovos por armadilha (MOA) de Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus utilizando-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste de Dwass-Steel-Chritcholow-Flinger. Foi utilizado o teste de correlação de Spearman e Regressão Linear Simples para verificar a associação entre as variáveis meteorológicas com o número de armadilhas com ovos e número de ovos. O padrão de evasão e superimposição nas armadilhas com Ae. aegypti foi analisado por comparação de categorias de classe de número de ovos aplicando-se teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste de Dwass-Steel-Chritchlow-Fligner, para as comparações múltiplas. Nas análises de comparação dos valores de IPO das armadilhas de co-ocorrência das espécies, entre os ambientes peri- e intradomiciliares, assim como nas análises de MOA, utilizou-se o teste Mann-Whitney. Para avaliar intensidade da infestação por espécie foi utilizado o estimador de densidade Kernel. O IPO e MOA de Ae. aegypti foram maiores no Peri domicílio, p=0,03; p=0,03, respectivamente. Verificou se correlação positiva entre temperatura e número de armadilhas com ovos e número de ovos desta espécie, nos ambientes domiciliares. Não houve diferença no IPO (p=0,33) e MOA (p=0,57) de Ae. albopictus entre os ambientes. Houve correlação positiva entre temperatura e positividade de armadilhas com Ae. albopictus do peridomicílio. Foi verificado maior IPO de Ae. aegypti comparado a Ae. albopictus, no peri- (p=0,00) e intradomicílio (p=0,00). A MOA de Ae. aegypti foi superior a de Ae. albopictus, no peri-b(p=0,00) e no intradomicílio (p=0,01). Não se verificou diferença significativa entre o número de armadilhas positivas das diferentes categorias de classe de número de ovos (T = 3.48; p = 0,32). O número de ovos registrado nas categorias de classe foi diferente (H = 10.86; p = 0,01), revelando-se maior na classe 31 a 60, quando comparada a ≤ 30 (p=0,03), e na classe ≥ 91, essa comparada a ≤ 30 (p=0,00). A comparação da distribuição das espécies nas armadilhas de co-ocorrência não mostrou diferença significativa (H = 4.61; p = 0,20). Observou-se um padrão temporal e espacial da distribuição e abundância das espécies, Ae. aegypti predominando sobre Ae. albopictus e revelando no peridomicílio seu espaço prioritário na seleção do local de oposição. Estas espécies ocuparam o espaço urbano de maneira diferente indicando segregação de habitat o que pode ter contribuído para a co-ocorrência verificada. Foi constatada superimposição nas armadilhas o que sugere pouco disponibilidade de criadouros apropriados no ambiente (AU).

The objective was to study the distribution and abundance of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus eggs, the co-occurrence of species and aspects of oviposition behavior in the traps. During 4 days in every month, 80 traps were exposed in the peri- and intra domiciliary environments of 40 urban residences in 22 blocks sorted out in Sebastião, SP, from February, 2011 to February, 2012. It was analyzed the monthly distribution of the ovitraps positivity indexes (IPO) and eggs average per ovitrap (MOA) of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, by using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dwass-Steel-ChritcholowFlinger test. The Spearman correlation and simple linear regression test was used to assess the association between meteorological variables with the number of traps with eggs and number of eggs. The standard of evasion and superoviposition in the ovitraps with Ae. aegypti was analyzed per comparison of class categories of number of eggs, by applying KruskalWallis test, followed by the Dwass-Steel-Chritchlow-Fligner test, for multiple comparisons. In the comparison analysis of IPO values in the traps of the species co-occurrences, in indoors and outdoors sites, as well as in the MOA analysis, the Mann-Whitney test was used. To evaluate the infestation intensity per species was utilized the estimator of Kernel density. The Ae. aegypti IPO and MOA were higher in the peri- domiciliary environment, p=0,03 ; p=0,03, respectively. It was verified the positive correlation among temperature and number of ovitraps with eggs and number of eggs of this species, in domiciliary environments. There was no difference in the IPO (p=0,33) and MOA (p=0,57) of Ae. albopictus between the environments. There was positive correlation between temperature and positivity of ovitraps with Ae. albopictus in the peri- domiciliary environment. It was verified higher IPO of Ae. aegypti compared to Ae. albopictus, in the peri- (p=0,00) and intra domiciliary sites (p=0,00). The MOA of Ae. aegypti was higher than the Ae. albopictus in the peri- (p=0,00) and in the intra domiciliary (p=0,01). No significant difference was showed in the number of positive ovitraps of the different class categories of number of eggs. (T = 3.48; p = 0,32). The number of eggs registered in the class categories was different (H = 10.86; p = 0,01), presenting in the class 31 to 60, when compared to ≤ 30 (p=0,03), and in the class ≥ 91, this one compared to ≤ 30 (p=0,00). The comparison of the species distribution in ovitraps of co-occurrence, per domicile environment, has not showed significant difference (H = 4.61; p = 0,20). The spatial distribution of eggs ovitraps revealed higher intensity of infestation by Ae. aegypti in the south area of the study, a highly urbanized area. Regarding Aedes albopictus, the conglomeration of occurrence places of the species was in the north coast, place of little population concentration. There was a temporal and spatial patterns of distribution and abundance of species, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus predominating over revealing peridomiciles your priority space in the selection of oviposition site. These species occupy urban space differently indicating segregation of habitat which may have contributed for the co-occurrence found. Overcrowding was found in the traps which suggests little availability of suitable breeding sites in the environment (AU).

[Public drinking water supply and egg laying by Aedes aegypti]. / Água de abastecimento público de consumo humano e oviposição de Aedes aegypti.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the quality of publicly supplied water in domestic water tanks on egg laying by female Aedes aegypti. METHODS: Laboratory study on immature Ae. aegypti, collected from water-tanks in the municipality of Potim, SP, Southeastern Brazil. Each cage contained three types of water in which eggs could be laid: Three choice per test were simultaneously used to deposit the eggs, ovipositor (A) with water collected from a water tank in Taubaté, ovipositor (B) with distilled water (control) and ovipositor (C) water collected from a water tank in the municipality of Potim. Physiochemical parameters were analyzed. The Kruskall-Wallis test was used to analyze the mean number of eggs in each water sample and the Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner test was used in making comparisons. To evaluate egg laying, an ovipositional activity index was adopted. RESULTS: A significant difference in the number of eggs was found between the liquid solutions tested (H = 45; p < 0.0001). The number of eggs found in water tank samples originating from deep wells (C), was statistically superior to water samples from water tanks originating from superficial wells (A) (p < 0.0001) and from the Control (C) p < 0.0001. There was no significant difference between the number of eggs in Control (B) and the surface water (A). In all three tests, the first position was the most productive in all tested solutions. Only water sample (C) produced a positive index (0.54), i.e., attractive to egg laying. CONCLUSIONS: Water quality influences egg laying by Aedes aegypti. The high concentrations of ammonium nitrate in public water supplies suggest that this chemical component was responsible for attracting pregnant female Aedes aegypti to lay eggs in these environments.

Água de abastecimento público de consumo humano e oviposição de Aedes aegypti / Agua de abastecimiento público de consumo humano y oviposición de Aedes aegypti / Public drinking water supply and egg laying by Aedes aegypti

OBJETIVO: Analisar o efeito da qualidade da água de reservatórios domésticos de abastecimento público na resposta oviposicional de fêmeas de Aedes aegypti. MÉTODOS: Estudo conduzido em laboratório a partir de imaturos de Ae. aegypti, coletados em caixas d'água do município de Potim, SP, 2009. Foram disponibilizados simultaneamente três tipos de água por gaiola para a deposição dos ovos: ovipositor (A) com água coletada em caixa d'água de Taubaté, SP; ovipositor (B) com água destilada (controle); e ovipositor (C) com água coletada em caixa d'água de Potim. Foram analisados parâmetros fisicoquímicos. O teste de Kruskall-Wallis foi utilizado para analisar a média de ovos nas diferentes amostras de água e nas comparações posteriores, o teste Dwass-Steel-Chritchlow-Flingner. O índice de atividade de oviposição foi adotado para avaliar a resposta oviposicional. RESULTADOS: Foi observada diferença significativa no número de ovos entre as soluções líquidas testadas (H = 45; p < 0,0001). O número de ovos na água de caixas d'água de abastecimento público de captação em poços profundos (C) foi estatisticamente superior a amostras de água de caixas d'água de abastecimento público de superfície (A) (p < 0,0001) e do Controle (B) (p < 0,0001). Não houve diferença significante entre o número de ovos do Controle (B) e água de superfície (A). A primeira postura foi a mais produtiva em todas as soluções testadas nas três gaiolas. A amostra de água (C) produziu índice positivo (0,54), i.e., atrativo para oviposição. CONCLUSÕES: A qualidade da água influiu na oviposição de Ae. aegypti. As elevadas concentrações de nitrogênio ...

OBJETIVO: Analizar el efecto de la calidad de agua de reservatorios domésticos de abastecimiento público en la respuesta de oviposición por hembras de Aedes aegypti. MÉTODOS: Estudio conducido en laboratorio a partir de inmaduros de Ae. aegypti, colectados en tanques de agua del municipio de Potim, SP, Brasil, 2009. Se disponibilizaron simultáneamente tres tipos de agua por jaula para la deposición de los huevos: ovipositor (A) con agua colectada en tanque de agua de Taubaté, SP (Brasil), ovipositor (B) agua destilada (control) y ovipositor (C) con agua colectada en el tanque de agua de Potim. Se analizaron parámetros fisicoquímicos. La prueba de Kruskall-Wallis fue usada para analizar el promedio de huevos en las diferentes muestras de agua y en las comparaciones posteriores, la prueba de Dwass-Steel-Chritchlow-Flingner. El índice de actividad de oviposición fue adoptado para evaluar la respuesta en las diferentes muestras. RESULTADOS: Se observó diferencia significativa en el número de huevos entre las soluciones líquidas evaluadas (H= 45; p˂0,0001). El número de huevos en el agua de los tanques para abastecimiento público, de captación en pozos profundos (C) fue estadísticamente superior a las muestras de tanques para abastecimiento público de superficie (A) (p˂0,0001) y del Control (B) (p˂0,0001). No hubo diferencia significativa entre el número de huevos del Control (B) y el agua de superficie (A). La primera postura fue la más productiva en todas las soluciones evaluadas en las tres jaulas. La muestra de agua (C) produjo índice positivo (0,54), es decir, atractivo para oviposición. CONCLUSIONES: La calidad de agua influyó en la oviposición de Ae. aegypti. Las elevadas concentraciones de nitrógeno amoniacal en el agua de abastecimiento público sugieren que dicho componente ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the quality of publicly supplied water in domestic water tanks on egg laying by female Aedes aegypti. METHODS: Laboratory study on immature Ae. aegypti, collected from water-tanks in the municipality of Potim, SP, Southeastern Brazil. Each cage contained three types of water in which eggs could be laid: Three choice per test were simultaneously used to deposit the eggs, ovipositor (A) with water collected from a water tank in Taubaté, ovipositor (B) with distilled water (control) and ovipositor (C) water collected from a water tank in the municipality of Potim. Physiochemical parameters were analyzed. The Kruskall-Wallis test was used to analyze the mean number of eggs in each water sample and the Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner test was used in making comparisons. To evaluate egg laying, an ovipositional activity index was adopted. RESULTS: A significant difference in the number of eggs was found between the liquid solutions tested (H = 45; p < 0.0001). The number of eggs found in water tank samples originating from deep wells (C), was statistically superior to water samples from water tanks originating from superficial wells (A) (p < 0.0001) and from the Control (C) p < 0.0001. There was no significant difference between the number of eggs in Control (B) and the surface water (A). In all three tests, the first position was the most productive in all tested solutions. Only water sample (C) produced a positive index (0.54), i.e., attractive to egg laying. CONCLUSIONS: Water quality influences egg laying by Aedes aegypti. The high concentrations of ammonium nitrate in public water supplies suggest that this chemical component was responsible for attracting pregnant female Aedes aegypti to lay eggs in these environments. .

Study of the distribution and abundance of the eggs of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus according to the habitat and meteorological variables, municipality of São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: This study focused on the distribution and abundance of the eggs of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. METHODS: Eighty ovitraps were exposed for four days of each month in peri- and intradomiciliary environments of 40 urban residences on 20 street blocks that were drawn monthly in Sebastião, SP, between February 2011 and February 2012. The monthly distribution of positive ovitrap indices (POI) and mean egg counts per trap (MET) of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner (DSCF) test. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and simple linear regression were used to determine the association between the meteorological variables of temperature and rainfall and the number of ovitraps with eggs and the egg count. RESULTS: The POI and MET of Ae. aegypti were higher in peridomiciliary premises. A positive correlation was found between the temperature and the number of ovitraps with eggs and the egg count of this species in domestic environments. There was no difference in the POI and MET of Ae. albopictus between the environments. A positive correlation was found between temperature and positive ovitraps of Ae. albopictus in peridomiciliary premises. The POI and MET of Ae. aegypti were higher than those of Ae. albopictus. CONCLUSIONS: Peridomiciliary premises were the preferred environments for oviposition of Ae. aegypti. The use of ovitraps for surveillance and vector control is reiterated.

Registro de larvas e pupas de Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus em recipientes com água salina em condições naturais / Record of larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in containers with saline water in natural conditions

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi registrar o encontro de larvas e pupasdos vetores de dengue em criadouros com água salina. Durante 14 mesesde atividades de projeto de pesquisa, desenvolvida em município dolitoral norte do Estado de São Paulo, foram inspecionados recipientespara coleta de larvas e pupas de Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus.Parâmetros físicos e químicos da água dos criadouros foram aferidos.Encontrou-se Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus em todos os estádios larvais, em água salina. As concentrações máximas foram de 13,5% e 9,2% de o osalinidade para as duas espécies, respectivamente. O sal não foi fatorlimitante para o desenvolvimento de ambas as espécies. Foi o primeiroregistro no Brasil dessas espécies em criadouros com água salina. Talachado pode ocasionar importantes repercussões epidemiológicas,especialmente no controle da dengue

Prevenção da dengue: implicações do uso de tela no controle de Aedes aegypti em reservatórios de água para consumo humano / Dengue prevention: implications of the meshes used in household water reservoirs for Aedes aegypti control

O objetivo deste trabalho é chamar a atenção para a efetividade da estratégia de controle de Aedes aegypti quanto à maneira empregada na vedação de reservatórios de água para consumo humano. Durante atividades de controle realizadas pela Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, entre 2004 e 2008, observou-se a maneira de instalação e conservação das telas utilizadas nas caixas d'água dos domicílios e presença de larvas. As telas das caixas d'água encontravam-se, em sua maioria, em contato direto com a água, com aspecto ressecado e quebradiço, devido à ação do tempo. Em ambas as circunstâncias, as caixas d'água (77,5%) apresentavam inúmeros imaturos de Aedes aegypti. A condição desse criadouro no domicílio e o emprego de telas requerem orientação e práticas preventivas constantes por parte da população, reduzindo a produção do vetor. Ressalta-se a necessidade de maior atenção à maneira de colocação, durabilidade, tipo de material da tela e participação da população

[Competition between Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae in the laboratory]. / Competição entre larvas de Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus em laboratório.

This study had the aim of evaluating the effects of intra and interspecies larval competition between Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, survival of larvae time taken to develop and wing length. The experiment was carried out with three densities and five proportions of the species. Aedes aegypti survival was greater than Aedes albopictus survival at intermediate density, while it was lower at high density. Only the time taken for Aedes albopictus to develop was affected. The differences found in comparing the species combinations demonstrated that the mean wing length of Aedes aegypti was generally greater than that of Aedes albopictus. For both species, competition had greater effect on wing length and survival than on the time taken to develop. Aedes aegypti seems to present better competitive capacity than does Aedes albopictus, at intermediate density.

[Effect of larval rearing water on Aedes aegypti oviposition in the laboratory]. / Efeito da água de criação larval na oviposição de Aedes aegypti em laboratório.

To evaluate the influence of larval rearing water on Aedes aegypti oviposition, four types of water were provided for gravid females. It was observed that more eggs were laid in the mixed larval rearing water (2,837) than in the Aedes albopictus water (690) or control water (938), but that this number was similar to what was seen in the Aedes aegypti water (2,361).

[Epidemiological aspects of autochthonous malaria in the Atlantic forest area of the northern coast of the State of São Paulo, 1985-2006]. / Aspectos epidemiológicos de malária autóctone na mata atlântica, litoral norte, Estado de São Paulo, 1985-2006.

This study had the aim of analyzing the spatial and temporal distribution of autochthonous malaria cases according to parasite density, symptoms and activity at the time of infection. A retrospective descriptive study was undertaken in the municipalities of Ubatuba, Caraguatatuba, São Sebastião and Ilhabela, covering 1985 to 2006. The data were obtained from the epidemiological investigation files of the Superintendency of Endemic Disease Control and the Information System for Health Threat Notification. Out of the 83 cases notified, 77% were male. São Sebastião and Caraguatatuba presented the largest numbers of cases. The individuals most affected with Plasmodium vivax were at productive ages, with a parasite density of one parasite for every two or more microscope fields. At the time of becoming infected, these patients were mostly doing leisure activities. The main symptoms were fever, headache, sweating and myalgia. Four asymptomatic cases were detected. These data are expected to contribute towards improving the decentralized malaria control actions in the region, through considering malaria among the clinical and/or epidemiological suspicions, with a reference laboratory and trained personnel for adequate diagnosis and treatment.